Selenium
Selenium is a powerful, open-source framework used for automating web applications for testing purposes. It provides a set of tools and libraries that allow you to write tests in a variety of programming languages to control browser interactions. Selenium supports all major web browsers, making it a cornerstone for cross-browser testing.
Playwright
Developed by Microsoft, Playwright is a modern, open-source framework for reliable end-to-end testing of web applications. It supports all modern rendering engines, including Chromium, WebKit, and Firefox, and is known for its fast execution and ability to handle complex scenarios like multiple tabs and contexts.
Cypress
Cypress is a developer-friendly, open-source testing framework designed for the modern web. It enables fast, easy, and reliable testing for anything that runs in a browser. Cypress operates directly within the browser, providing a unique architectural advantage for debugging and real-time reloads.
Appium
Appium is an open-source test automation framework specifically for mobile applications. It allows you to automate native, hybrid, and mobile web apps for both iOS and Android platforms, using the WebDriver protocol. Appium lets you write tests in any language that has a Selenium client library.
Robot Framework
Robot Framework is a generic, open-source automation framework for acceptance testing, acceptance test-driven development (ATDD), and robotic process automation (RPA). It uses a keyword-driven approach, making it easy for non-programmers to create and understand test cases.
Puppeteer
Puppeteer is a Node.js library developed by the Chrome DevTools team. It provides a high-level API to control Chromium or Chrome over the DevTools Protocol. While not exclusively a testing tool, it is widely used for end-to-end testing, scraping, and generating screenshots and PDFs.